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Sunday, August 14, 2011

Workshop 結束

其實原名為 workshop in real analysis,最後 workshop 講唔到 integration,時間不足。我地有 7 次 meeting,每次用一至一個半鐘黎做 present,10 至 15 分鐘休息及將淨低嘅時間用黎講 notes。每次 workshop 為時三個鐘。已講 topic:



notes 喺每次 workshop 前準備,打下打下都 40 頁 notes。都整得幾辛苦,d theorem 用就用得多,從新 develop 返出黎都幾麻煩。any way 對我黎講得著唔係太多 :),因為 d 野都比較 basic。希望下個 summer 會有人幫我完成埋 integration 果 part 同埋 expand 返第一課嘅野 (compactness, total boundedness, completeness, connectedness, etc)。

Thursday, August 11, 2011

無聊之下嘅產物

喺 Royden (4th edition) p.452 有一 Theorem 將 locally compact Hausdorff space 有嘅 property 集埋一齊:



其中證明 (iii) 嘅主要工具係 Urysohn's lemma,但由 Urysohn's lemma 又可推出 Tietze Extension Theorem, 從 (iii) 我地應該可以做得更多。
Modification of (iii). Let $  X$ be locally compact Hausdorff. If $  \mathcal O$ is a neighborhood of a compact subset $  K$ of $  X$, then the continuous function $  f:K\to \mathbb R$ may be extended to a function $  F\in C_c(X)$ for which $  F$ vanishes outside $  \mathcal O$.
If $  f$ is bounded, say $  |f|\leq M$ for some $  M>0$, then the extension above can be chosen so that $  |F|\leq M$ on $  X$.
Proof. As $  K$ is compact and $  \mathcal O\supseteq K$, by (ii) of theorem 7 above there is an open $  V$ such that $  K\subseteq V\subseteq \overline{V}\subseteq \mathcal O$ with $  \overline{V}$ compact. Once again by (ii) of  theorem 7 above there is an open $  U$ such that
$  K\subseteq U\subseteq \overline{U}\subseteq V\subseteq \overline{V}\subseteq \mathcal O$.

Now we do our extension, as $  \overline{V}$ is a compact Hausdorff space, $  f$ is continuous (w.r.t. subspace topology) on $  K$, by the Tietze extension theorem there is a $  \mathcal F\in C (\overline{V})$ such that $  \mathcal F|_{K}= f|_K$, we extend $  \mathcal{F}$ on $  X\setminus \overline{V}$ by defining $  \mathcal F|_{X\setminus \overline{V}}\equiv 0$. The change of $  \mathcal F$ between $  \overline{V}$ and $  X\setminus \overline{V}$ may not be continuous, we will try to ``smooth" this transition. As $  K$ is compact and $  U\supseteq K$, by (iii) of theorem 7 there is a $  \psi \in C_c(X)$ such that $  0\leq \psi \leq 1$, $  \psi=1$ on $  K$ and $  \psi=0$ on $  X\setminus U$. Now we claim that the product of continuous functions $  F:= \mathcal F \cdot \psi$ will do.

Clearly $  \mathop{\mathrm{supp}} F \subseteq \mathop{\mathrm{supp}} \psi$, hence $  F$ has compact support. To show $  F$ is continuous on $  X$ we use the following fact:
Fact. Let $  X=\cup_\alpha X_\alpha$ be a union of open subsets. Then $  f:X\to Y$ is continuous if and only if the restrictions $  f|_{X_\alpha}:X_\alpha \to Y$ are continuous, where $  X_i$ has the subspace topology.
Proof. It follows from the observation that: For any subset $  A$ of $  Y$, $  f^{-1}(A)= \cup_{\alpha} (f|_{X_\alpha})^{-1}(A)$.$\qed$
Observe that both $  X_1:=V$ and $  X_2:=X\setminus \overline{U}$ are open, $  X=X_1\cup X_2$. It is enough to argue $  F|_{X_i}$'s are continuous. On $  X_1$, since $  \mathcal F$ is a continuous function on $  \overline{V}$, $  \mathcal F|_V$ is therefore a continuous function on $  V$. And as $  \psi$ is continuous on $  X$, so $  F|_{X_1}$ is continuous. On $  X_2$, since $  \psi|_{X\setminus U}\equiv 0$ $  \implies$ $  \psi|_{X\setminus \overline{U}} \equiv 0$, and thus $  F|_{X\setminus \overline{U}} \equiv 0$, hence $  F|_{X_2}$ is continuous on $  X_2$. We also note that $  F|_{X\setminus \mathcal O}\equiv 0$.

When $  |f|\leq M$ on $  K$, we repeat the proof above but that time $  \mathcal F$ can be chosen such that $  |\mathcal F|\leq M$ by the following version of Tietze extension theorem.$\qed$

建立呢種 extension 嘅原因係為左證明 Lusin's theorem on $  (X,\mathcal B(X),\mu)$,其中 $  X$ 為 locally compact Hausdorff,$  B(X)$ 為 Borel $  \sigma$-algebra on $  X$ 及 $  \mu$ 為 Radon measure (Royden's definition: A Borel measure such that Borel set is outer regular and open set is inner regular),我嘅 approach (某習題) 係先證明 Lusin's theorem 對 simple function 成立,從而利用 simple functions $  \{\phi_n\}$, $  \phi_n\to f$ pointwise 及 Egoroff's theorem 及再利用上述 extension 完成證明 (已證明若 $  E\in \mathcal B(X),\mu(E)<\infty$,那麼 $  E$ 是 inner regular)。

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Some problem for entertainment:
Problem. Let $  f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ be a differentiable function so that $  \displaystyle\left|f(x)-\sin(x^2)\right|\le\frac{1}{4}$ for any $  x\in\mathbb{R}$. Prove that there exists a sequence of real numbers $  \{x_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ for which $  \lim_{n\to\infty} f'(x_n)=+\infty$ .

Monday, August 1, 2011

見工失敗

前排去左樂善堂余近卿中學面試去做份做八日就賺到五千嘅暑期班,貌似係為考試唔合格嘅學生而設嘅補底班黎 (亦即係我冇乜機會發揮嘅班)。咁好喇我自己又冇乜點見過工,見步行步。去到自我介紹,我講唔夠一分鐘就收口,深知不妙,最終不獲聘收埸。

我估最大原因係我冇乜教學經驗。原因係,首先我係該校校友推薦;其次係請人果位老師係 UST 師姐;再者,我個樣都算平易近人丫...。但間間學校都係以經驗為優先嘅話咁我邊鬼有經驗喎...。同埋我都唔算冇教學經驗,不過對像係班 UG year 1 ...。

Friday, July 29, 2011

暑假。學

最近都喺到學 real analysis,學習方法係:睇課文,然後完成果個 section/chapter 最少一半問題。基本上 Royden 第 4 edition 嘅 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18(.1, .2, .3, .4), 19(.1, .2), 20(.1, .2) 課都俾我``做"左。唔急於學新嘅野,只求確定自己已學嘅野唔會學得太表面同有果方面嘅解難能力 (當然會驚唔識做 d 問題...但 no pain, no gain)。本來想開始 chapter 21,但,賣割...!因為佢 study locally compact Hausdorff space,有 d result on normal space 要學返──例如 Urysohn's lamma,偏偏就係嚴民冇教果 d。我其實好想佢唔教第 8 課,即講 surface 果課,而講多 d point-set topology ...。

可能有同學問點解我明明已經讀左 math 204 仲要走去讀返 Lebesgue measure 嘅野呢?其實正正係因為讀 204,我發覺有非常大嘅必要去學返好 Lebesgue measure 知識。嚴民教授嘅 math204 課程範圍大得非常之有問題 (個人角度),要我地短時間由少少 Lebesgue measure (少少,係少少,所有引理/命題/定理全部都只係關注有界集),然後證完 Carath$  \text{\'{e}}$odory 就直接跳去 general measure。冇錯我咁樣識左 general measure $  \to$ integration $  \to$ product measure $  \to$ signed measure, Randon-Nykodym,但學得非常之唔實在。單單 Lebesgue measure 仲有好多課題可以講,Borel $  \sigma$-algebra、dense subspace of $  L^p(E)$、Egoroff, Lusin's theorem (我記得變左做 exercise)、approximation of measurable function by simple functions (結合 Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem,解 integration 題目嘅利器)、approximation of measurable set by $  G_\delta,F_\sigma$ (簡單應用:前者可以用返喺 integration;後者可以證 Lipschitz function take measurable set 去 measurable set),等等。好可惜,我喺 204 冇機會學到呢 d 基本野。

而喺我學緊呢 d 基本野嘅同時,有一班 year 1 想搞 workshop,我就即刻諗:「仲唔上馬?」順便 pre 一 present 我解過嘅題 (大部份 presentation problem 嘅來源都係 royden,仲有好多 exercise 我未放落 presentation 到,有 d 係 LCM notes 標住 ``difficult" 嘅問題,有 d 係胡繼善份 notes 嘅題且有 d 答案用左三頁紙,但我有方法只做一頁多少少)。

Workshop 嘅 notes 唔打算 upload 上黎 wordpress 住……,等到改好哂之後,確定冇乜錯漏先再放上黎。

其實呢個假唔單止睇 Royden,有 d American Mathematical Society 出版嘅書都寫得非常之好,我抽左一兩個 topic 黎睇。例如,一年前學左 Randon-Nikodym theorem,前幾日知道佢嘅應用──證明當 $  1\leq p<\infty$ 時,對於 $  \sigma$-finite 嘅 measure space $  (X,\mu)$,有 $  (L^p(X,\mu))^*=L^q(X,\mu)$,其中 $  q$ 為 $  p$ 的 conjugate。我打算睇睇同樣嘅 theorem 其他書有冇更好嘅證法。Inder K. Rana 所寫嘅 An Introduction To Measure and Integration 都有同樣嘅證法,不過當 $  p>1$ 時佢做多一小步,將結果即刻推廣到任意 measure space $  (X,\mu)$,兩頁紙內證完。

A simple problem for entertainment.

Problem. Let $ f:\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a continuous function. A point $ x$ is called a shadow point if there exists a point $ y\in \mathbb{R}$ with $y>x$ such that $f(y)>f(x)$. Let $ a<b$ be real numbers and suppose that
  • All the points of the open interval $I=(a,b)$ are shadow points;

  • $a$ and $b$ are not shadow points.
Prove that
  1. $ f(x)\leq f(b)$ for all $ a<x<b$;

  2. $ f(a)=f(b)$.

Workshop 已暫停兩個星期 (原因係班人要做人口普查),下個星期五開始照常繼續。黎緊兩個星期,一日講返多 d measure,一日開始講 approximation of measurable function,換句話說,Littlewood's 3 principle (我譯為``小木三律" =w=) 其中兩條 。

Saturday, July 2, 2011

暑假很忙,精力都被抽到 UROP 及 Analysis Workshop 裏。

對我來說現在的日子大可分為科大 libra 開/閉 的日子。既然今天沒開放,那我就沒回科大的意欲,今天例外到其他地方吃午飯。我去…吃個飯要 30 多元,我在科大加杯凍飲只需 21 元呀…… 。

不得不說我的自控能力有問題,在家裏對着電腦說怎樣也不能安心看書……,趁機把 workshop notes 打好吧。以下是 workshop 的 syllabus:

http://ihome.ust.hk/~cclee/document/workshop.pdf

及每星期都要做的 presentation!

http://ihome.ust.hk/~cclee/document/WorkshopPresentation.pdf

感謝 Kin Li 幫忙 book 課室及贈送大量白板筆!人數還維持在 4 名 year 1,及我,8 seats 的 libra 課室明顯很勉強 (間中總會有一些 year 1/year 2 間歇性插入...)。

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回想起一年前某 TA 開了 topology workshop,我上了第一天便沒再去了……(實在太悶,那 TA 想有互動,但那種互動只是簡單的答幾道問題。所以我開 workshop 要求參加者答不太 obvious 的題,有一至兩星期準備,這樣才有趣),當時包括我在內有 4 位準 year 2,有趣的是只有我其後 reg topology 這個 UG course … ,我想這 TA 心已碎吧。

Saturday, June 11, 2011

Grade 已出

Lang 外的另外 5 科的 grade 已出。今個 sem 平平安安的度過,只是 COMP 170 拿了一隻 B+。 本 sem 的 courses:MATH303, 304, 323, 371, COMP170, LANG209。 評論的話:

303, 304:淺,courses for everyone,303 workload 重,304 幾乎沒 workload,兩者也是 hea 人必選 (反正功課臨急臨忙總會有人想到方法抄的)。
323:大家都知道嚴民是很好很好的 lecturer!聽他對課文的解說時總覺得明了九至十成,但課後複習 (或做功課) 時感覺上堂沒學到甚麼……(203, 204 已有此感覺)。workload 重,但很充實。
371:只能說幸好有同時讀 323 (不然 locally convex space、weak topology, its local base、weak-continuity 之類的 concept 很難理解)。內容很 abstract,theorem 要背熟,不然根本用不出來...。整個學期功課只有 3 份 (是令我很痛苦的三份功課),功課以外的問題有 full solution。mid-term 最後的題沒甚麼人做到。Final 是 take home 的,所以壓力不太大。尤其是整個 course 人數只有 10 人,3 名 local (包括我),餘下的不是 PG 就是 mainland,很叫人興奮。

Friday, June 10, 2011

望着那些 paper,再望望那堆 conjecture,很無助...。